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View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Contents
Table of Cases
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
European Union
General Court
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
European Commission
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Legislation
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Brazil
Canada
Federal
Alberta
British Colombia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Québec
Saskatchewan
Chile
China
Colombia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
European Union
Regulations
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
International Treaties and Conventions
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
List of Abbreviations
Reappearing throughout chapters
1 Argentina
2 Australia
3 Austria
4 Brazil
5 Canada
6 Chile
7 China
8 Colombia
9 Czech Republic
10 Denmark
11 Estonia
12 European Union (EU)
13 Finland
14 France
15 Germany
16 Greece
17 Hong Kong
18 Hungary
19 India
20 Ireland
21 Israel
22 Italy
23 Japan
24 Korea
25 Lithuania
26 Malaysia
27 Mexico
28 The Netherlands
29 New Zealand
30 Norway
31 Peru
32 Poland
33 Portugal
34 Romania
35 Russia
36 South Africa
37 Spain
38 Sweden
39 Switzerland
40 Taiwan
41 Turkey
42 United Kingdom
43 United States
Main Text
1 Argentina
Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
I Acting alone
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
A Predatory pricing
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
B Exploitative offenses
1.13
1.14
1.15
C Monopsony
1.16
D Price discrimination
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
1.26
F Tying arrangements
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
G Exclusive dealing
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
H Refusal to deal
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
I Essential facilities
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
1.44
1.45
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
1.46
L Customer termination
1.47
1.48
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
1.49
N Termination of relationships with competitors
1.50
O Exemptions
1.51
1.52
1.53
II Dealing with competitors
1.54
1.55
A Horizontal price fixing
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
C Horizontal boycotts
1.69
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
1.70
E Trade associations
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
F Interlocking directorates
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
G Facilitating practices
1.79
H Information exchange
1.80
1.81
1.82
I Joint purchasing agreements
1.83
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
1.84
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
1.85
1.86
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
1.87
1.88
1.89
(ii) Staff size and budget
1.90
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
C Private litigation
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
D Follow-on litigation
1.100
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
1.101
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
1.102
(ii) Criminal liability
1.103
1.104
G Leniency and immunity
1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109
H Document creation and retention
1.110
2 Australia
Introduction
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
I Acting alone
A The general prohibition against misuse of market power
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
B Predatory pricing
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
C Exploitative offenses
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
D Monopsony
2.26
2.27
2.28
E Price discrimination
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
F Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
2.38
2.39
G Tying arrangements
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
H Exclusive dealing
2.44
2.45
2.46
I Refusal to deal
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
J Essential facilities
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
K Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
L Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
2.62
2.63
M Customer termination
2.64
2.65
N Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
2.66
2.67
2.68
O Termination of relationships with competitors
2.69
2.70
P Exemptions
2.71
Q Express exemptions in s. 51 of the CCA
2.72
2.73
2.74
R Authorization
2.75
S Notification
2.76
II Dealing with competitors
A Horizontal price fixing
2.77
B Cartel conduct
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
C Anticompetitive contracts, arrangements, or understandings
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
D Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
2.87
2.88
2.89
E Horizontal boycotts
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
F Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
G Trade associations
2.100
H Interlocking directorates
2.101
2.102
I Facilitating practices
2.103
2.104
2.105
2.106
J Information exchange
2.107
2.108
2.109
2.110
2.111
K Joint purchasing agreements
2.112
2.113
2.114
L Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
2.115
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law
2.116
2.117
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
2.118
2.119
(ii) Staff size and budget
2.120
2.121
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
2.122
2.123
C Private litigation
2.124
2.125
2.126
2.127
2.128
2.129
2.130
D Follow-on litigation
2.131
2.132
2.133
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
2.134
2.135
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
2.136
2.137
2.138
(ii) Criminal liability
2.139
G Leniency and immunity
2.140
2.141
2.142
2.143
2.144
2.145
H Document creation and retention
2.146
2.147
2.148
3 Austria
Introduction
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
I Acting alone
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
A Agreements with non-competing businesses
3.10
3.11
3.12
B Predatory pricing
3.13
3.14
3.15
C Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
3.16
3.17
3.18
D Monopsony
3.19
3.20
E Price discrimination
3.21
3.22
F Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
3.27
G Tying arrangements
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
H Exclusive dealing
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
I Refusal to deal
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
J Essential facilities
3.42
3.43
K Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
3.44
3.45
3.46
L Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
3.47
M Customer termination
3.48
3.49
N Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
3.50
O Termination of relationships with competitors
3.51
P Exemptions
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
II Dealing with competitors
3.56
3.57
A Horizontal price fixing
3.58
3.59
3.60
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
3.61
3.62
C Horizontal boycotts
3.63
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
3.64
3.65
3.66
E Trade associations
3.67
3.68
3.69
F Interlocking directorates
3.70
3.71
G Facilitating practices
3.72
H Information exchange
3.73
(i) Exchanges of historic pricing information
3.74
(ii) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
3.75
(iii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
3.76
3.77
I Joint purchasing agreements
3.78
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
3.79
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
3.80
3.81
3.82
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
3.83
3.84
3.85
(ii) Staff size and budget
3.86
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
3.87
3.88
C Private litigation
3.89
3.90
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
3.91
3.92
3.93
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
3.94
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
3.100
(ii) Criminal liability
3.101
G Leniency and immunity
3.102
3.103
3.104
3.105
H Document creation and retention
3.106
4 Brazil
Introduction
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
I Acting alone
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
A Predatory pricing
4.11
4.12
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
4.13
C Monopsony
4.14
D Price discrimination
4.15
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
4.16
4.17
4.18
F Tying arrangements
4.19
G Exclusive dealing
4.20
4.21
4.22
H Refusal to deal
4.23
I Essential facilities
4.24
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
4.25
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
4.26
L Customer termination
4.27
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
4.28
N Termination of relationships with competitors
4.29
O Exemptions
4.30
II Dealing with competitors
4.31
4.32
4.33
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
4.34
4.35
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
4.36
4.37
C Horizontal boycotts
4.38
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
4.39
4.40
4.41
E Trade associations
4.42
4.43
4.44
F Interlocking directorates
4.45
G Facilitating practices
4.46
H Information exchange
4.47
(i) Exchanges of historic pricing information
4.48
(ii) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
4.49
(iii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
4.50
4.51
I Joint purchasing agreements
4.52
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
4.53
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
4.54
4.55
B Antitrust system
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
C Private litigation
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
4.66
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
4.67
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
(ii) Criminal liability
4.74
4.75
4.76
G Leniency, immunity, and settlements
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
H Settlements
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
I Document creation and retention
4.89
4.90
4.91
5 Canada
Introduction
5.01
I Acting alone
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
A Exclusionary conduct
5.09
5.10
B Predatory conduct
5.11
5.12
5.13
C Recent enforcement highlight
5.14
5.15
D Predatory pricing
5.16
E Exploitative offenses
5.17
F Monopsony
5.18
G Price discrimination
5.19
H Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
5.20
5.21
5.22
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
5.23
I Tying arrangements
5.24
5.25
5.26
J Exclusive dealing
5.27
5.28
5.29
K Refusal to deal
5.30
5.31
L Essential facilities
5.32
M Bundling
5.33
N Standard-setting groups
5.34
O Customer termination
5.35
P Termination of intermediaries
5.36
Q Termination of relationships with competitors
5.37
R Exemptions
5.38
5.39
II Dealing with competitors
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
A Horizontal price fixing
5.45
5.46
5.47
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
5.48
5.49
5.50
C Horizontal boycotts
5.51
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
5.52
5.53
5.54
E Trade associations
5.55
5.56
5.57
F Interlocking directorates
5.58
G Facilitating practices
5.59
5.60
H Information exchange
5.61
5.62
5.63
(i) Exchanges of historic pricing information
5.64
(ii) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
5.65
(iii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve, pre-merger due diligence?
5.66
5.67
5.68
I Joint purchasing agreements
5.69
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
5.70
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law
(i) Applicable law
5.71
(ii) Jurisdiction
5.72
5.73
5.74
(iii) Personal jurisdiction
5.75
5.76
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
5.77
5.78 Commissioner of Competition
Competition Bureau
5.79
5.80
(ii) Staff size and budget
5.81
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
5.82
5.83
C Private litigation
5.84
5.85
5.86
D Follow-on litigation
5.87
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
5.88
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
5.89
5.90
(ii) Criminal liability
5.91
G Leniency and Immunity
5.92
H Document creation and retention
5.93
6 Chile
Introduction
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
I Acting alone
6.10
6.11
A Predatory pricing
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
B Exploitative offenses
6.16
6.17
C Monopsony
6.18
D Price discrimination
6.19
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
6.20
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
6.21
F Tying arrangements
6.22
6.23
G Exclusive dealing
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
H Refusal to deal
6.30
6.31
I Essential facilities
6.32
6.33
6.34
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
6.35
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
6.36
L Customer termination
6.37
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
6.38
N Termination of relationships with competitors
6.39
O Exemptions
6.40
II Dealing with competitors
6.41
6.42
6.43
A Horizontal price fixing
6.44
6.45
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
6.46
C Horizontal boycotts
6.47
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
6.48
6.49
E Trade associations
6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
F Interlocking directorates
6.54
6.55
G Facilitating practices
6.56
H Information exchange
6.57
I Joint purchasing agreements
6.58
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
6.59
6.60
6.61
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
6.62
6.63
6.64
6.65
6.66
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
(ii) Staff size and budget
6.72
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
6.73
6.74
6.75
6.76
C Private litigation
6.77
D Follow-on litigation
6.78
6.79
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
6.80
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84
6.85
(ii) Criminal liability
6.86
6.87
G Leniency and immunity
6.88
6.89
6.90
6.91
H Document creation and retention
6.92
7 China
Introduction
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
I Acting alone
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
A Predatory pricing
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
(i) Excessive pricing
7.21
7.22
7.23
(ii) Monopoly leveraging
7.24
C Monopsony
7.25
D Price discrimination
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
7.30
7.31
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
7.32
7.33
F Tying arrangements
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
G Exclusive dealing
7.39
7.40
H Refusal to deal
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
I Essential facilities
7.45
7.46
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
7.47
7.48
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
7.49
7.50
L Customer termination
7.51
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers and value added resellers, agents, and brokers)
7.52
7.53
N Termination of relationships with competitors
7.54
O Exemptions
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
II Dealing with competitors
7.59
7.60
7.61
A Horizontal price fixing
7.62
7.63
7.64
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
7.65
7.66
7.67
C Horizontal boycotts
7.68
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
7.69
E Trade associations
7.70
7.71
7.72
F Interlocking directorates
7.73
G Facilitating practices
7.74
H Information exchange
7.75
7.76
I Joint purchasing agreements
7.77
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
7.78
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific legislation)
7.79
B Antitrust system
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
C Private litigation
7.87
7.88
7.89
7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
D Follow-on litigation
7.94
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
7.95
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
7.96
7.97
7.98
(ii) Criminal liability
7.99
7.100
G Leniency and immunity
7.101
7.102
7.103
7.104
7.105
7.106
7.107
7.108
7.109
7.110
7.111
7.112
H Document creation and retention
7.113
8 Colombia
Introduction
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
I Acting alone
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
A Predatory pricing
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
8.28
8.29
8.30
C Monopsony
8.31
8.32
D Price discrimination
8.33
8.34
8.35
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
8.36
8.37
8.38
(i) Resale price maintenance
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
8.45
F Tying arrangements
8.46
8.47
8.48
G Exclusive dealing
8.49
8.50
8.51
H Refusal to deal
8.52
8.53
8.54
I Essential facilities
8.55
8.56
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
8.57
8.58
8.59
8.60
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
8.61
8.62
8.63
8.64
8.65
8.66
L Customer termination
8.67
8.68
8.69
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74
8.75
8.76
8.77
N Termination of relationships with competitors
8.78
O Exemptions
8.79
8.80
8.81
8.82
II Dealing with competitors
A Horizontal price fixing
8.83
8.84
8.85
8.86
8.87
8.88
8.89
8.90
8.91
8.92
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
8.93
8.94
8.95
8.96
8.97
8.98
8.99
C Horizontal boycotts
8.100
8.101
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
8.102
8.103
8.104
8.105
E Trade associations
8.106
8.107
8.108
8.109
F Interlocking directorates
8.110
8.111
8.112
G Facilitating practices
8.113
H Information exchange
8.114
8.115
8.116
8.117
8.118
8.119
I Joint purchasing agreements
8.120
8.121
8.122
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
8.123
8.124
8.125
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
8.126
8.127
8.128
8.129
B Antitrust system
8.130
8.131
8.132
8.133
8.134
(i) Name of agency/agencies
8.135
8.136
8.137
8.138
8.139
(ii) Staff size and budget
8.140
8.141
8.142
8.143
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
8.144
8.145
C Private litigation
8.146
8.147
8.148
D Follow-on litigation
8.149
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
8.150
8.151
F Remedies
(i) Administrative and civil liability
8.152
8.153
8.154
(ii) Criminal liability
8.155
G Leniency and immunity
8.156
8.157
8.158
8.159
H Document creation and retention
8.160
8.161
9 Czech Republic
Introduction
9.01
9.02
I Acting alone
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
9.11
9.12
A Agreements with non-competing businesses
9.13
9.14
9.15
B Predatory pricing
9.16
9.17
9.18
C Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
9.19
9.20
D Monopsony
9.21
E Price discrimination
9.22
9.23
F Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
9.24
9.25
9.26
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
9.27
G Tying arrangements
9.28
9.29
H Exclusive dealing
9.30
9.31
9.32
I Refusal to deal
9.33
9.34
J Essential facilities
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.39
K Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
9.40
L Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
9.41
M Customer termination
9.42
N Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
9.43
O Termination of relationships with competitors
9.44
P Exemptions
9.45
9.46
9.47
9.48
9.49
9.50
II Dealing with competitors
9.51
9.52
9.53
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
9.54
9.55
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
9.56
9.57
C Horizontal boycotts
9.58
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
9.59
9.60
9.61
E Trade associations
9.62
9.63
9.64
F Interlocking directorships
9.65
9.66
G Facilitating practices
9.67
H Information exchange
9.68
9.69
9.70
9.71
9.72
I Joint purchasing agreements
9.73
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
9.74
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
9.75
9.76
9.77
9.78
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency
9.79
9.80
(ii) Staff size and budget
9.81
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
9.82
9.83
9.84
9.85
C Private litigation
9.86
D Follow-on litigation (including role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
9.87
9.88
9.89
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
9.90
F Remedies
9.91
9.92
9.93
9.94
9.95
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99
9.100
G Leniency and immunity
9.101
9.102
9.103
9.104
H Document creation and retention
9.105
9.106
10 Denmark
Introduction
10.01
I Acting alone
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
A Predatory pricing
10.06
10.07
10.08
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
10.09
10.10
C Monopsony
10.11
D Price discrimination
10.12
10.13
10.14
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
10.15
(i) Resale price maintenance
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
10.20
F Tying arrangements
10.21
G Exclusive dealing
10.22
H Refusal to deal
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
I Essential facilities
10.27
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
10.28
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
10.29
10.30
10.31
L Customer termination
10.32
10.33
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
10.34
N Termination of relationships with competitors
10.35
O Exemptions
10.36
II Dealing with competitors
10.37
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
10.42
10.43
10.44
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
10.45
C Horizontal boycotts
10.46
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
10.47
10.48
10.49
10.50
10.51
10.52
10.53
10.54
10.55
E Trade associations
10.56
10.57
10.58
10.59
10.60
10.61
10.62
10.63
10.64
10.65
F Interlocking directorates
10.66
G Facilitating practices
10.67
H Information exchange
10.68
10.69
10.70
I Exchanges of historic pricing information
10.71
(i) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
10.72
(ii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
10.73
J Joint purchasing agreements
10.74
10.75
K Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
10.76
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
10.77
10.78
10.79
10.80
10.81
10.82
10.83
10.84
B Antitrust system
10.85
(i) Name of agency/agencies
10.86
(ii) Staff size and budget
10.87
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
10.88
C Private litigation
10.89
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
10.90
10.91
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
10.92
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
10.93
10.94
10.95
(ii) Criminal liability
10.96
10.97
10.98
10.99
10.100
10.101
(1)
(2)
10.102
10.103
10.104
10.105
10.106
10.107
G Leniency and immunity
10.108
10.109
10.110
10.111
10.112
10.113
10.114
10.115
10.116
H Document creation and retention
10.117
10.118
10.119
10.120
10.121
10.121
10.122
10.123
10.124
10.125
10.126
11 Estonia
Introduction
11.01
11.02
11.03
I Acting alone
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
A Predatory pricing
11.08
11.09
11.10
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
11.11
11.12
11.13
C Monopsony
11.14
D Price discrimination
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
11.19
11.20
11.21
11.22
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
11.23
F Tying arrangements
11.24
G Exclusive dealing
11.25
H Refusal to deal
11.26
I Essential facilities
11.27
11.28
11.29
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
11.30
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
11.31
L Customer termination
11.32
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
11.33
N Termination of relationships with competitors
11.34
O Exemptions
11.35
11.36
II Dealing with competitors
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
11.46
11.47
11.48
11.49
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
11.50
11.51
C Horizontal boycotts
11.52
11.53
11.54
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
11.55
E Trade associations
11.56
F Interlocking directorates
11.57
G Facilitating practices
11.58
H Information exchange
11.59
11.60
11.61
11.62
11.63
I Exchange of historic pricing information
11.64
(i) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
11.65
(ii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
11.66
J Joint purchasing agreements
11.67
K Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
11.68
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
11.69
11.70
11.71
11.72
11.73
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
11.74
11.75
11.76
11.77
(ii) Staff size and budget
11.78
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
11.79
11.80
C Private litigation
11.81
11.82
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
11.83
11.84
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
11.85
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
11.86
(ii) Criminal liability
11.87
11.88
11.89
11.90
11.91
(iii) Misdemeanor liability
11.92
G Leniency and immunity
11.93
11.94
(1)
(2)
(3)
11.95
11.96
11.97
H Document creation and retention
11.98
11.99
11.100
12 European Union
Introduction
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
12.08
12.09
12.10
I Acting alone
12.11
12.12
12.13
A Predatory pricing
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
B Exploitative offenses
12.19
12.20
12.21
C Monopsony
12.22
12.23
D Price discrimination
12.24
12.25
12.26
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale Price Maintenance
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
12.31
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
12.32
F Tying arrangements
12.33
12.34
12.35
G Exclusive dealing
12.36
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
12.41
12.42
H Refusal to deal
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.47
12.48
I Essential facilities
12.49
12.50
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
12.51
12.52
12.53
12.54
12.55
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
12.56
12.57
12.58
12.59
12.60
L Customer termination
12.61
12.62
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
12.63
N Termination of relationships with competitors
12.64
O Exemptions
12.65
12.66
II Dealing with competitors
12.67
12.68
12.69
12.70
A Horizontal price fixing
12.71
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
12.72
C Horizontal boycotts
12.73
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
12.74
12.75
12.76
12.77
E Trade associations
12.78
12.79
F Interlocking directorates
12.80
12.81
12.82
G Facilitating practices
12.83
H Information exchange
12.84
12.85
12.86
12.87
12.88
12.89
12.90
12.91
12.92
I Joint purchasing agreements
12.93
12.94
12.95
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
12.96
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
12.97
12.98
12.99
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
12.100
12.101
12.102
(ii) Staff size and budget
12.103
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
12.104
12.105
12.106
C Private litigation
12.107
12.108
D Follow-on litigation
12.109
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
12.110
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
12.111
12.112
12.113
12.114
12.115
12.116
12.117
(ii) Criminal liability
12.118
G Leniency and immunity
12.119
12.120
12.121
12.122
H Document creation and retention
12.123
12.124
13 Finland
Introduction
13.01
13.02
13.03
I Acting alone
13.04
13.05
13.06
13.07
13.08
A Predatory pricing
13.09
13.10
13.11
B Exploitative offenses
13.12
13.13
13.14
C Monopsony
13.15
13.16
D Price discrimination
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
13.22
13.23
13.24
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
13.25
F Tying arrangements
13.26
13.27
G Exclusive dealing
13.28
13.29
H Refusal to deal
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
I Essential facilities
13.35
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
13.36
13.37
13.38
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
13.39
L Customer termination
13.40
13.41
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
13.42
13.43
N Termination of relationships with competitors
13.44
O Exemptions
13.45
II Dealing with competitors
13.46
13.47
13.48
13.49
13.50
13.51
13.52
13.53
A Horizontal price fixing
13.54
13.55
(i) Asphalt cartel
13.56
13.57
13.58
13.59
13.60
(ii) Exchange of raw wood purchasing prices
13.61
13.62
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
13.63
C Horizontal boycotts
13.64
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
13.65
13.66
E Trade associations
13.67
13.68
13.69
13.70
13.71
F Interlocking directorates
13.72
13.73
G Facilitating practices
13.74
13.75
13.76
H Information exchange
13.77
13.78
13.79
13.80
13.81
13.82
13.83
I Joint purchasing agreements
13.84
13.85
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
13.86
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
13.87
13.88
13.89
13.90
13.91
13.92
13.93
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
13.94 Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority
13.95 Regional State Administrative Agencies
13.96 The Market Court
13.97 The Supreme Administrative Court
(ii) Staff size and budget
13.98
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
13.99
C Private litigation
13.100
13.101
D Follow-on litigation
13.102
13.103
13.104
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
13.105
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
13.106
13.107
13.108
13.109
13.110
(ii) Criminal liability
13.111
G Leniency and immunity
13.112
13.113
13.114
13.115
13.116
13.117
H Document creation and retention
13.118
14 France
Introduction
14.01
14.02
14.03
I Acting alone
A Anticompetitive agreements
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
B Abuse of dominance
14.09
(i) Abuse of dominant position
14.10
14.11
14.12
(ii) Abuse of economic dependence
14.13
(iii) Abusively low pricing
14.14
C Predatory pricing
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
14.24
D Exploitative offenses
14.25
14.26
14.27
14.28
E Monopsony
14.29
14.30
14.31
F Price discrimination
14.32
14.33
G Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
14.34
14.35
14.36
14.37
14.38
14.39
14.40
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
14.41
H Tying arrangements
14.42
14.43
14.44
14.45
I Exclusive dealing
14.46
14.47
14.48
14.49
14.50
14.51
14.52
J Refusal to deal
14.53
14.54
14.55
14.56
14.57
14.58
K Essential facilities
14.59
14.60
14.61
L Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
14.62
14.63
14.64
14.65
14.66
M Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
14.67
14.68
14.69
14.70
N Customer termination
14.71
14.72
14.73
O Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
14.74
P Termination of relationships with competitors
14.75
Q Exemptions
14.76
14.77
14.78
14.79
14.80
14.81
14.82
II Dealing with competitors
14.83
14.84
14.85
14.86
A Horizontal price fixing
14.87
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
14.88
C Horizontal boycotts
14.89
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
14.90
14.91
14.92
14.93
14.94
14.95
E Trade associations
14.96
14.97
14.98
F Interlocking directorates
14.99
14.100
14.101
14.102
14.103
G Facilitating practices
14.104
H Information exchange
14.105
14.106
14.107
14.108
14.109
14.110
I Joint purchasing agreements
14.111
14.112
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
14.113
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
14.114
14.115
14.116
14.117
14.118
14.119
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
14.120
14.121
(ii) Staff size and budget
14.122
14.123
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
14.124
14.125
14.126
14.127
14.128
14.129
14.130
C Private litigation
14.131
14.132
14.133
14.134
14.135
14.136
14.137
14.138
D Follow-on litigation
14.139
14.140
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
14.141
F Remedies
14.142
(i) Civil liability
14.143
14.144
14.145
14.146
14.147
14.148
14.149
14.150
14.151
(ii) Criminal liability
14.152
14.153
G Leniency and immunity
14.154
14.155
14.156
14.157
14.158
14.159
14.160
14.161
14.162
14.163
H Document creation and retention
14.164
14.165
14.166
15 Germany
Introduction
15.01
15.02
15.03
15.04
I Acting alone
15.05
15.06
15.07
15.08
15.09
15.10
A Predatory pricing
15.11
15.12
B Exploitative Offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
15.13
15.14
C Monopsony
15.15
D Price discrimination
15.16
15.17
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
15.18
15.19
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
15.25
F Tying arrangements
15.26
15.27
15.28
G Exclusive dealing
15.29
15.30
15.31
15.32
H Refusal to deal
15.33
15.34
15.35
15.36
I Essential facilities
15.37
15.38
15.39
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
15.40
15.41
15.42
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
15.43
15.44
15.45
L Customer termination
15.46
15.47
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
15.48
N Termination of relationships with competitors
15.49
O Exemptions
15.50
15.51
15.52
II Dealing with competitors
15.53
15.54
15.55
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
15.56
15.57
15.58
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
15.59
C Horizontal boycotts
15.60
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
15.61
15.62
E Trade associations
15.63
15.64
F Interlocking directorates
15.65
15.66
G Facilitating practices
15.67
H Information exchange
15.68
15.69
15.70
15.71
15.72
I Joint purchasing agreements
15.73
15.74
15.75
15.76
15.77
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
15.78
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
15.79
15.80
15.81
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
15.82
(ii) Staff size and budget
15.83
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
15.84
15.85
15.86
C Private litigation
15.87
15.88
15.89
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
15.90
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
15.91
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
15.92
15.93
15.94
15.95
(ii) Criminal liability
15.96
G Leniency and immunity
15.97
15.98
15.99
15.100
15.101
15.102
15.103
15.104
H Document creation and retention
15.105
16 Greece
Introduction
16.01
16.02
16.03
16.04
16.05
16.06
16.07
16.08
I Acting alone
16.09
A Predatory pricing
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
16.14
16.15
16.16
C Monopsony
16.17
D Price discrimination
16.18
16.19
16.20
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
16.21
16.22
16.23
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
16.24
F Tying arrangements
16.25
16.26
16.27
G Exclusive dealing
16.28
H Refusal to deal
16.29
16.30
16.31
I Essential facilities
16.32
16.33
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
16.34
16.35
16.36
16.37
16.38
16.39
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
16.40
L Customer termination
16.41
16.42
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
16.43
N Termination of relationships with competitors
16.44
O Exemptions
16.45
16.46
II Dealing with competitors
16.47
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
16.48
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
16.49
16.50
C Horizontal boycotts
16.51
16.52
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
16.53
16.54
E Trade associations
16.55
16.56
16.57
F Interlocking directorates
16.58
16.59
G Facilitating practices
16.60
H Information exchange
16.61
16.62
I Joint purchasing agreements
16.63
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
16.64
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
16.65
16.66
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
16.67
(ii) Staff size and budget
16.68
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
16.69
16.70
16.71
16.72
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
Enforcement priorities/HCC’s prioritization criteria
16.73
(1) Enforcement priorities/HCC’s prioritization criteria
(2) Enforcement priorities/HCC’s prioritization criteria
(3) Enforcement priorities/HCC’s prioritization criteria
(4) Enforcement priorities/HCC’s prioritization criteria
16.74
Recent trends, investigations/cases
16.75
16.76
16.77
16.78
16.79
16.80
C Private litigation
16.81
16.82
16.83
16.84
16.85
16.86
16.87
16.88
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
16.89
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
16.90
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
16.91
16.92
16.93
16.94
16.95
16.96
(ii) Criminal liability
16.97
G Leniency and immunity
16.98
(1)
(2)
16.99
16.100
(1)
(2)
(3)
16.101
16.102
16.103
H Document creation and retention
16.104
16.105
17 Hong Kong
Introduction
17.01
17.02
17.03
17.04
17.05
17.06
17.07
17.08
17.09
I Acting alone
A The general prohibition against misuse of market power
17.10
17.11
(i) Market power
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
17.16
17.17
17.18
(ii) Object and effect
17.19
17.20
17.21
17.22
(iii) Objective justification defense
17.23
B Predatory pricing
17.24
17.25
C Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
17.26
17.27
17.28
17.29
D Dominance
17.30
17.31
17.32
17.33
E Excessive market regulation
17.34
17.35
17.36
F Monopsony
17.37
G Price discrimination
17.38
17.39
H Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
17.40
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
17.41
I Tying arrangements
17.42
17.43
17.44
J Exclusive dealing
17.45
K Refusal to deal
17.46
17.47
17.48
L Essential facilities
17.49
17.50
17.51
M Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
17.52
N Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
17.53
17.54
O Customer termination
17.55
P Termination of intermediaries
17.56
Q Termination of relationships with competitors
17.57
R Exclusions and exemptions
(i) Exclusions
17.58
17.59
17.60
17.61
(ii) Exemptions
17.62
17.63
17.64
(iii) Efficiencies
17.65
17.66
(iv) Decisions
17.67
17.68
17.69
17.70
17.71
II Dealing with competitors
A The general prohibition against anticompetitive concerted conduct
17.72
(i)
(ii)
(i) Efficiency exclusion
17.73
17.74
(ii) Serious anticompetitive conduct and warning notices
17.75
17.76
17.77
17.78
(iii) Undertakings
17.79
17.80
17.81
17.82
(iv) Agreement
17.83
(v) Concerted practice
17.84
17.85
17.86
(vi) Object and effect
17.87
17.88
(vii) Block exemptions
17.89
17.90
(viii) De minimis carve-out
17.91
(ix) Other exclusions and exemptions
17.92
(x) Vertical agreements
17.93
17.94
B Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
17.95
17.96
C Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
17.97
17.98
17.99
D Horizontal boycotts
17.100
E Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
17.101
17.102
17.103
17.104
17.105
F Trade associations
17.106
17.107
17.108
G Interlocking directorates
17.109
H Facilitating practices
17.110
I Information exchange
17.111
17.112
17.113
17.114
(i) Exchanges of historic pricing information
17.115
(ii) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
17.116
(iii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
17.117
J Joint purchasing agreements
17.118
17.119
17.120
K Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
17.121
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
(i) Jurisdiction
17.122
17.123
17.124
(ii) Sectoral regimes
17.125
17.126
17.127
17.128
17.129
17.130
B Antitrust System
(i) Name of agency/agencies
Competition Rules
17.131
17.132
17.133
17.134
17.135
17.136
17.137
17.138
17.139
17.140
17.141
Telco Rule
17.142
17.143
17.144
17.145
Judicial review
17.146
17.147
17.148
(ii) Staff size and budget
17.149
17.150
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
17.151
17.152
C Private litigation
17.153
17.154
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
17.155
17.156
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
17.157
F Remedies
(i) Commitments
17.158
17.159
(ii) Infringement notices
17.160
17.161
17.162
17.163
17.164
(iii) Warning notices
17.165
17.166
17.167
17.168
(iv) Injunction
17.169
17.170
(v) Telco Rule
17.171
17.172
17.173
(vi) Civil liability
17.174
17.175
Indemnity of directors/employees
17.176
17.177
17.178
(vii) Criminal liability
17.179
17.180
G Leniency and immunity
17.181
17.182
17.183
H Document creation and retention
17.184
18 Hungary
Introduction
18.01
I Acting alone
A Anticompetitive agreements and understandings with non-competitors
18.02
B Abuse of a dominant position
18.03
18.04
18.05
C Predatory pricing
18.06
18.07
D Exploitative offenses
18.08
18.09
18.10
E Monopsony
18.11
F Price discrimination
18.12
18.13
18.14
G Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
18.15
18.16
18.17
18.18
18.19
18.20
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
18.21
H Tying arrangements
18.22
18.23
I Exclusive dealing
18.24
18.25
J Refusal to deal
18.26
18.27
18.28
18.29
K Essential facilities
18.30
L Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
18.31
18.32
18.33
M Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
18.34
N Customer termination
18.35
18.36
O Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
18.37
P Termination of relationships with competitors
18.38
Q Exemptions
18.39
18.40
18.41
18.42
18.43
18.44
II Dealing with competitors
18.45
18.46
18.47
18.48
18.49
18.50
A Horizontal price fixing
18.51
18.52
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
18.53
C Horizontal boycotts
18.54
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
18.55
18.56
18.57
E Trade associations
18.58
18.59
18.60
F Interlocking directorates
18.61
G Facilitating practices
18.62
H Information exchange
18.63
18.64
18.65
I Joint purchasing agreements
18.66
18.67
18.68
18.69
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
18.70
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
18.71
18.72
18.73
18.74
18.75
18.76
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
18.77
18.78
18.79
18.80
18.81
18.82
18.83
18.84
18.85
18.86
18.87
(ii) Staff size and budget
18.88
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
18.89
18.90
18.91
18.92
18.93
C Private litigation
18.94
18.95
18.96
18.97
D Follow-on litigation
18.98
18.99
18.100
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
18.101
18.102
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
18.103
18.104
18.105
18.106
18.107
18.108
18.109
(ii) Criminal liability
18.110
18.111
G Leniency and immunity
18.112
18.113
18.114
18.115
18.116
H Document creation and retention
18.117
18.118
19 India
Introduction
19.01
19.02
I Acting alone
19.03
19.04
19.05
A Predatory pricing
19.06
19.07
19.08
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
19.09
19.10
19.11
19.12
C Monopsony
19.13
D Price discrimination
19.14
19.15
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
19.16
(i) Minimum advertised price programs
19.17
F Tying arrangements
19.18
19.19
19.20
G Exclusive dealing
19.21
19.22
19.23
19.24
19.25
H Refusal to deal
19.26
19.27
I Essential facilities
19.28
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
19.29
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
19.30
L Customer termination
19.31
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
19.32
N Termination of relationships with competitors
19.33
O Exemptions
19.34
19.35
19.36
19.37
II Dealing with competitors
19.38
19.39
19.40
19.41
A Horizontal price fixing
19.42
19.43
19.44
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
19.45
19.46
19.47
19.48
C Horizontal boycotts
19.49
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
19.50
E Trade associations
19.51
19.52
19.53
19.54
19.55
F Interlocking directorates
19.56
G Facilitating practices
19.57
19.58
19.59
19.60
H Plus factors
19.61
19.62
19.63
19.64
I Information exchange
19.65
(i) Exchanges of historic pricing information
19.66
(ii) How old, anonymous, and aggregated pricing information needs to be
19.67
(iii) What pro-competitive purposes, if any, exchange needs to help participants achieve; pre-merger due diligence
19.68
19.69
J Joint purchasing agreements
19.70
K Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
19.71
19.72
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
19.73
19.74
19.75
19.76
19.77
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
19.78
19.79
(ii) Staff size and budget
19.80
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
19.81
C Private litigation
19.82
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
19.83
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
19.84
F Remedies
19.85
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
19.86
19.87
19.88
(i) Civil liability
19.89
(ii) Criminal liability
19.90
G Leniency and immunity
19.91
19.92
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
19.93
19.94
H Document creation and retention
19.95
20 Ireland
Introduction
20.01
20.02
20.03
20.04
20.05
20.06
20.07
20.08
20.09
20.10
I Acting alone
20.11
20.12
20.13
A Predatory pricing
20.14
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
20.15
C Monopsony
20.16
20.17
D Price discrimination
20.18
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance and minimum advertised price programs
20.19
20.20
20.21
F Tying arrangements
20.22
G Exclusive dealing
20.23
H Refusal to deal
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
I Essential facilities
20.28
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
20.29
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
20.30
L Customer termination
20.31
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
20.32
20.33
20.34
N Termination of relationships with competitors
20.35
O Exemptions
20.36
20.37
20.38
II Dealing with competitors
20.39
20.40
20.41
20.42
20.43
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
20.44
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
20.45
C Horizontal boycotts
20.46
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
20.47
20.48
20.49
20.50
E Trade associations
20.51
20.52
20.53
F Interlocking directorates
20.54
G Facilitating practices
20.55
H Information exchange
20.56
20.57
20.58
I Joint purchasing agreements
20.59
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
20.60
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
20.61
20.62
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
20.63
20.64
20.65
20.66
(ii) Staff size and budget
20.67
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
20.68
20.69
20.70
20.71
20.72
20.73
C Private litigation
20.74
20.75
20.76
20.77
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
20.78
20.79
20.80
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
20.81
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
20.82
(ii) Criminal liability
20.83
20.84
G Leniency and immunity
20.85
20.86
20.87
H Document creation and retention
20.88
20.89
20.90
20.91
21 Israel
Introduction
21.01
21.02
21.03
21.04
I Acting alone
21.05
21.06
A Monopoly Proclamation and abuse of monopoly position
21.07
21.08
21.09
B Predatory pricing
21.10
21.11
21.12
C Exploitative offenses
21.13
21.14
D Monopsony
21.15
E Price discrimination
21.16
21.17
21.18
21.19
F Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
21.20
21.21
21.22
21.23
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
21.24
G Tying arrangements
21.25
H Exclusive dealing
21.26
21.27
21.28
21.29
21.30
I Refusal to deal
21.31
21.32
21.33
21.34
21.35
J Essential facilities
21.36
21.37
K Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
21.38
21.39
21.40
21.41
21.42
21.43
L Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
21.44
21.45
M Customer termination
21.46
21.47
N Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
21.48
O Termination of relationships with competitors
21.49
P Exemptions
21.50
(i) Statutory exemptions
21.51
21.52
(ii) Block Exemptions
21.53
21.54
21.55
(iii) Tribunal approval and individual exemptions
21.56
21.57
(iv) Exemption for matters of foreign relations or national security
21.58
Q Concentrated group
21.59
21.60
21.61
21.62
21.63
II Dealing with competitors
21.64
21.65
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
21.66
21.67
21.68
21.69
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
21.70
21.71
C Horizontal boycotts
21.72
21.73
21.74
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
21.75
21.76
21.77
21.78
21.79
21.80
21.81
E Trade associations
21.82
21.83
21.84
21.85
21.86
F Interlocking directorates
21.87
21.88
21.89
21.90
G Facilitating practices
21.91
21.92
21.93
21.94
H Information exchange
21.95
21.96
21.97
21.98
I Joint purchasing agreements
21.99
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
21.100
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
21.101
21.102
21.103
21.104
21.105
21.106
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
21.107
21.108
(ii) Staff size and budget
21.109
21.110
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
21.111
21.112
21.113
21.114
21.115
C Private litigation
21.116
21.117
21.118
D Follow-on litigation
21.119
21.120
21.121
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
21.122
21.123
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
21.124
21.125
21.126
(1)
(2)
(3)
21.127
21.128
21.129
21.130
21.131
(ii) Criminal liability
21.132
21.133
21.134
G Leniency and immunity
21.135
H Document creation and retention
(i) Document retention under the model compliance program
21.136
(ii) Internal documents
21.137
21.138
22 Italy
Introduction
22.01
22.02
22.03
22.04
22.05
22.06
22.07
22.08
I Acting alone
22.09
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
A Predatory pricing
22.14
22.15
22.16
B Exploitative offenses
22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21
C Monopsony
22.22
D Price discrimination
22.23
22.24
22.25
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
22.26
F Tying arrangements
22.27
22.28
22.29
22.30
G Exclusive dealing
22.31
H Refusal to deal
22.32
22.33
22.34
I Essential facilities
22.35
22.36
22.37
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
22.38
22.39
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
22.40
22.41
L Customer termination
22.42
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
22.43
N Termination of relationships with competitors
22.44
O Exemptions
22.45
22.46
22.47
22.48
22.49
II Dealing with competitors
22.50
22.51
22.52
22.53
22.54
22.55
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
22.56
22.57
22.58
22.59
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
22.60
22.61
22.62
C Horizontal boycotts
22.63
22.64
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
22.65
22.66
22.67
22.68
22.69
22.70
22.71
22.72
E Trade associations
22.73
22.74
22.75
22.76
F Interlocking directorates
22.77
G Facilitating practices
22.78
H Information exchange
22.79
22.80
22.81
I Joint purchasing agreements
22.82
22.83
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
22.84
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
22.85
22.86
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
22.87
22.88
22.89
22.90
(ii) Staff size and budget
22.91
22.92
22.93
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
22.94
C Private litigation
22.95
22.96
22.97
22.98
22.99
22.100
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
22.101
22.102
22.103
22.104
22.105
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
22.106
F Remedies
22.107
22.108
22.109
(i) Civil liability
22.110
(ii) Criminal liability
22.111
G Leniency and immunity
22.112
22.113
22.114
22.115
22.116
22.117
22.118
22.119
H Document creation and retention
22.120
22.121
22.122
22.123
23 Japan
Introduction
23.01
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
23.02
23.03
23.04
23.05
23.06
I Acting alone
23.07
A Predatory pricing
23.08
23.09
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
23.16
23.17
23.18
23.19
C Monopsony
23.20
23.21
D Price discrimination
23.22
23.23
23.24
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
23.25
(a)
(b)
23.26
23.27
23.28
23.29
F Tying arrangements
23.30
23.31
23.32
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
23.33
G Exclusive dealing
23.34
23.35
23.36
23.37
23.38
23.39
23.40
H Refusal to deal
23.41
23.42
23.43
I Essential facilities
23.44
23.45
23.46
23.47
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
23.48
23.49
23.50
23.51
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
23.52
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
23.53
23.54
L Customer termination
23.55
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
23.56
23.57
23.58
23.59
N Termination of relationships with competitors
23.60
O Exemptions
23.61
(i) Exercise of intellectual property rights
23.62
23.63
(ii) Actions of cooperatives
23.64
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
23.65
(iii) Resale price maintenance
23.66
II Dealing with competitors
23.67
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
23.68
23.69
23.70
23.71
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
23.72
23.73
(1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
C Horizontal boycotts
23.74
23.75
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
23.76
23.77
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
23.78
23.79
23.80
23.81
23.82
E Trade associations
23.83
23.84
23.85
F Interlocking directorates
23.86
23.87
23.88
(a)
(b)
23.89
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
23.90
(a)
(b)
23.91
23.92
G Facilitating practices
23.93
23.94
23.95
23.96
H Information exchange
23.97
23.98
23.99
I Joint purchasing agreements
23.100
23.101
23.102
23.103
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
23.104
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
23.105
23.106
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
23.107
(ii) Staff size and budget
23.108
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
23.109
23.110
23.111
C Private litigation
23.112
23.113
23.114
D Follow-on litigation (including the role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
23.115
23.116
23.117
23.118
23.119
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
23.120
23.121
23.122
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
23.123
23.124
23.125
23.126
(ii) Criminal liability
23.127
23.128
23.129
23.130
23.131
23.132
23.133
G Leniency and immunity
23.134
23.135
23.136
(a)
(b)
(c)
23.137
23.138
H Document creation and retention
23.139
(a)
(b)
23.140
24 Korea
Introduction
24.01
24.02
24.03
24.04
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
24.05
I Acting alone
24.06
A Abuses of dominance
24.07
24.08
24.09
24.10
24.11
B Unfair trade practices
24.12
24.13
24.14
C Predatory pricing
24.15
24.16
(i)
(ii)
24.17
D Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
24.18
24.19
E Price discrimination
24.20
24.21
24.22
F Dictating or influencing resale prices
24.23
24.24
24.25
24.26
24.27
24.28
24.29
24.30
24.31
G Tying arrangements
24.32
24.33
H Exclusive dealing
24.34
24.35
24.36
I Refusal to deal
24.37
24.38
24.39
24.40
24.41
24.42
J Essential facilities
24.43
24.44
24.45
24.46
24.47
K Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
24.48
L Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
24.49
24.50
M Exemptions
24.51
(1)
(2)
(3)
24.52
II Dealing with competitors
24.53
24.54
24.55
24.56
A Horizontal price fixing
24.57
24.58
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
24.59
24.60
C Horizontal boycotts
24.61
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
24.62
24.63
24.64
24.65
E Trade associations
24.66
24.67
24.68
24.69
F Interlocking directorates
24.70
24.71
G Information exchange
24.72
24.73
H Joint purchasing agreements
24.74
I Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
24.75
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
24.76
24.77
24.78
24.79
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency
24.80
(a)
(b)
24.81
(ii) Staff size and budget
24.82
24.83
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
24.84
24.85
24.86
C Private litigation
24.87
24.88
24.89
24.90
24.91
24.92
D Follow-on litigation
24.93
24.94
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
24.95
24.96
24.97
24.98
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
24.99
24.100
24.101
24.102
24.103
24.104
(ii) Criminal liability
24.105
24.106
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
24.107
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
24.108
G Leniency and immunity
24.109
24.110
24.111
24.112
24.113
24.114
24.115
24.116
24.117
H Document creation and retention
24.118
24.119
24.120
24.121
25 Lithuania
Introduction
25.01
25.02
I Acting alone
25.03
25.04
A Abuse of dominant position
25.05
25.06
25.07
25.08
B Agreements between non-competitors
25.09
C Predatory pricing
25.10
25.11
25.12
25.13
25.14
D Exploitative offenses
25.15
25.16
25.17
25.18
E Monopsony
25.19
25.20
F Price discrimination
25.21
25.22
25.23
25.24
25.25
25.26
G Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
25.27
25.28
25.29
25.30
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
25.31
H Tying arrangements
25.32
25.33
25.34
I Exclusive dealing
25.35
25.36
25.37
25.38
25.39
J Refusal to deal
25.40
25.41
25.42
25.43
25.44
K Essential facilities
25.45
L Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
25.46
25.47
25.48
M Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
25.49
N Customer termination
25.50
O Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
25.51
P Termination of relationships with competitors
25.52
Q Exemptions
25.53
25.54
25.55
25.56
II Dealing with competitors
25.57
25.58
25.59
25.60
A Horizontal price fixing (including advanced announcements of price or product changes)
25.61
25.62
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
25.63
25.64
C Horizontal boycotts
25.65
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
25.66
25.67
25.68
25.69
E Trade associations
25.70
25.71
25.72
F Interlocking directorates
25.73
G Facilitating practices
25.74
25.75
H Information exchange
25.76
25.77
25.78
25.79
25.80
25.81
25.82
25.83
I Joint purchasing agreements
25.84
25.85
25.86
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
25.87
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
25.88
25.89
25.90
25.91
25.92
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
25.93
(ii) Staff size and budget
25.94
25.95
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
25.96
25.97
C Private litigation
25.98
25.99
25.100
D Follow-on litigation
25.101
25.102
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
25.103
25.104
F Remedies
(i) Administrative liability
25.105
25.106
25.107
25.108
25.109
(ii) Civil liability
25.110
(iii) Criminal liability
25.111
G Leniency and immunity
25.112
(i) Total immunity
25.113
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(ii) Reduction of a fine from 50 to 75 percent
25.114
(a)
(b)
(c)
(iii) Reduction of a fine by 50 percent
25.115
(iv) Reduction of a fine from 20 to 50 percent
25.116
25.117
25.118
25.119
H Document creation and retention
25.120
25.121
26 Malaysia
Introduction
26.01
26.02
(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
26.03
26.04
26.05
I Acting alone
A Applicable law
(i) Anticompetitive Agreements
26.06
26.07
26.08
26.09
(i) Safe harbor
26.10
26.11
(ii) Anticompetitive agreements are void
26.12
26.13
B Abuse of dominant position
26.14
26.15
C Predatory pricing
26.16
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
26.17
D Exploitative offenses
26.18
E Monopsony
26.19
F Price discrimination
26.20
26.21
G Dictating or influencing resale prices
26.22
26.23
26.24
H Tying
26.25
26.26
I Exclusive dealing
26.27
26.28
J Refusal to deal
26.29
26.30
(a)
(b)
(c)
26.31
K Essential facilities
26.32
L Bundling (including loyalty and market shares discount)
26.33
26.34
M Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
26.35
N Customer termination
26.36
O Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
26.37
P Termination of relationships with competitors
26.38
Q Exemptions
26.39
26.40
26.41
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
26.42
26.43
26.44
26.45
26.46
26.47
26.48
(a)
(b)
(c)
26.49
26.50
26.51
26.52
26.53
26.54
26.55
26.56
(a)
(b)
(c)
II Dealing with competitors
26.57
A Horizontal price fixing
26.58
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
26.59
C Horizontal boycotts
26.60
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
26.61
E Trade associations
26.62
26.63
F Interlocking directorates
26.64
G Facilitating practices
26.65
H Information exchange
26.66
I Joint purchasing agreements
26.67
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
26.68
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
26.69
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
26.70
(ii) Staff size and budget
26.71
26.72
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
26.73
26.74
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
26.75
26.76
26.77
26.78
C Private litigation
26.79
D Follow-on litigation
26.80
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
26.81
26.82
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
26.83
26.84
26.85
(ii) Criminal liability
26.86
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
26.87
G Leniency and immunity
26.88
26.89
26.90
(a)
(b)
(c)
H Document creation and retention
26.91
(a)
(b)
(c)
26.92
27 Mexico
Introduction
27.01
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
27.02
27.03
27.04
27.05
27.06
27.07
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
27.08
27.09
I Acting alone
27.10
27.11
27.12
27.13
27.14
27.15
27.16
A Predatory pricing
27.17
27.18
27.19
27.20
B Exploitative offenses (excessive pricing, monopoly leveraging)
(i) Excessive pricing
27.21
27.22
(ii) Monopoly leveraging
27.23
27.24
27.25
C Monopsony
27.26
27.27
D Price discrimination
27.28
27.29
27.30
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
27.31
(i) Resale price maintenance
27.32
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
27.33
F Tying arrangements
27.34
27.35
G Exclusive dealing
27.36
27.37
H Refusal to deal
27.38
27.39
I Essential facilities
27.40
27.41
J Bundling (including loyalty and market share discounts)
27.42
27.43
K Standard-setting groups (disclosure requirements, licensing arrangements, and licensing pools)
27.44
27.45
27.46
27.47
27.48
L Customer termination
27.49
M Termination of intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, dealers, and value-added resellers, agents, and brokers)
27.50
N Termination of relationships with competitors
27.51
O Exemptions
27.52
27.53
II Dealing with competitors
27.54
A Horizontal price fixing
27.55
B Horizontal agreements to allocate customers or territories; agreements not to compete
27.56
27.57
C Horizontal boycotts
27.58
D Joint ventures and other competitive collaborations
27.59
E Trade associations
27.60
27.61
F Interlocking directorates
27.62
G Facilitating practices
27.63
27.64
H Information exchange
27.65
27.66
27.67
27.68
27.69
I Joint purchasing agreements
27.70
J Joint lobbying/regulatory/legislative efforts
27.71
III General issues
A Jurisdiction and applicable law (including sector-specific competition regulation)
27.72
27.73
B Antitrust system
(i) Name of agency/agencies
27.74
27.75
27.76
27.77
27.78
27.79
27.80
27.81
(ii) Staff size and budget
27.82
27.83
(iii) Recent enforcement actions and trends
27.84
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
27.85
27.86
27.87
C Private litigation
27.88
27.89
27.90
27.91
D Follow-on litigation (includes role of agency determinations of liability for follow-on litigation)
27.92
(i) Recurso de reconsideración (reconsideration petition)
27.93
(ii) Administrative judicial proceedings
27.94
(iii) Amparo indirecto proceedings
27.95
E Arbitration and alternative dispute resolution
27.96
F Remedies
(i) Civil liability
27.97
27.98
(ii) Criminal liability
27.99
27.100
27.101
27.102
G Leniency and immunity
27.103
(i) Prohibited concentrations and relative monopolistic practices
27.104
27.105
(a)
(b)
27.106
27.107
(ii) Absolute monopolistic practices
27.108
(a)
(b)
(c)
27.109
27.110
27.111
27.112
I Document creation and retention
27.113
28 The Netherlands
Introduction
28.01
I Acting alone
28.02
28.03
28.04
28.05
28.06
A Predatory pricing
28.07
28.08
B Exploitative offenses
28.09
28.10
28.11
28.12
C Monopsony
28.13
28.14
D Price discrimination
28.15
28.16
28.17
E Dictating or influencing resale prices
(i) Resale price maintenance
28.18
28.19
28.20
(ii) Minimum advertised price programs
28.21
F Tying arrangements
28.22
28.23
28.24
G Exclusive dealing
28.25
H Refusal to deal
28.26
28.27
I Essential facilities
28.28
28.29
J Bundling
28.30
28.31
K Standard-setting groups
28.32
L Customer termination
28.33
M Termination of intermediaries
28.34
N Termination of relationships with competitors
28.35
O Exemptions
28.36
28.37
II Dealing with competitors
28.38
28.39
28.40
28.41
28.42
28.43
28.44
28.45
A Horizontal price-fixing
28.46
28.47
B Horizontal agreement