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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- The Authors
- Foreword to the Second Edition
- Preface To The Second Edition
- Note on Citation
- Contents
- Table of EU/EFTA Cases and Decisions
- Alphabetical Table of European Court Cases
- Numerical Table of European Court of Justice Cases
- Numerical Table of General Court Cases
- Alphabetical Table of Efta Court Cases
- Alphabetical Table of Commission State Aid Decisions
- Numerical Table of Commission State Aid Decisions
- Decisions of The Efta Surveillance Authority
- Table of WTO Cases
- Table of National Cases
- Tables of Treaties and Legislation
- List of Abbreviations
- Main Text
- Part I General Rules
- 1 Introduction to State aid law and policy
- 2 The Definition of State Aid
- A Introduction
- B Economic Advantage
- 2.08 Introduction.
- 1 The beneficiary of aid
- 2 Identifying the advantage: general principles
- 2.23 Normal market conditions.
- 2.24 Role of the State.
- 2.25 State performing mixed functions.
- 2.26 The EDF case.
- 2.27 Comparator in same Member State.
- 2.28 Contemporaneous comparison.
- 2.29 Consideration of transaction as a whole.
- 2.30 Ascertainability of advantage.
- 2.31 Contingent advantage.
- 2.32 Contingent advantage and general aid schemes.
- 2.33 Exemption from unlawful charge.
- 2.34 Compensation for specific costs or disadvantages.
- 2.35 Compensation for damage caused by the State.
- 2.36 Imposition of special charges.
- 2.37 Burden and standard of proof.
- 3 Private investor and private creditor tests
- 4 Land sales
- 5 Sale or supply of assets or services
- 6 Purchase of goods and services
- 7 Payments for public services
- 2.73 The early debate.
- 2.74 Altmark.
- 2.75 First condition: clearly defined public service obligations.
- 2.76 Market regulation.
- 2.77 Examples.
- 2.78 Second condition: objective parameters.
- 2.79 Third condition: avoidance of overcompensation.
- 2.80 Fourth condition: efficient undertaking comparator.
- 2.81 Recourse to Article 106(2).
- 8 Parafiscal charges
- 9 Differential taxation
- C State Resources and Imputability
- D Selectivity
- 2.113 Favouring certain undertakings or sectors.
- 2.114 Problem areas.
- 1 The reference framework
- 2.115 The relevant comparison.
- 2.116 Criteria for identifying the reference system.
- 2.117 Reference geographic area and regional taxation.
- 2.118 First situation: central fiscal competence.
- 2.119 Second situation: distributed fiscal competence.
- 2.120 Third situation: asymmetric devolution.
- 2.121 Application of the autonomy criteria in asymmetric devolution cases.
- 2 Prima facie selective measures
- 2.122 General test.
- 2.123 Direct benefit to particular sectors.
- 2.124 Indirect benefit to particular sectors.
- 2.125 Selection by size and resources.
- 2.126 Particular geographic regions.
- 2.127 Public undertakings and public services.
- 2.128 Selection by other criteria.
- 2.129 Combination of measures.
- 2.130 Discretionary administrative practices.
- 2.131 Favouring undertakings outside target group.
- 2.132 General measures.
- 3 Measures justified by the nature or scheme of the system
- E Distortion of Competition and Effect on Trade
- F De Minimis Aid
- 3 Compatibility of Aid— General Principles
- A Introduction
- B Article 107(2)—Automatic Compatibility
- C Article 107(3)—Discretionary Compatibility
- 3.26 Application of Article 107(3) in practice.
- 3.27 Structure of this section.
- 1 General principles
- 2 Block exemptions
- 3 Guidelines
- 4 Article 107(3)(a)—cohesion aid
- 5 Article 107(3)(b)—aids to important projects and to remedy serious disturbances
- 6 Article 107(3)(c)—aid to promote the development of certain economic activities or of certain economic areas
- 7 Article 107(3)(d)—aid to promote culture and heritage conservation
- D Article 106(2) and Services of General Economic Interest
- 1 Overview
- 2 Article 106(2) Decision
- 3 Article 106(2) cases falling outside the Decision
- 3.75 Article 106(2) Framework and SGEI Communication.
- 3.76 Burden of proof.
- 3.77 Outline of conditions.
- 3.78 First condition: existence of SGEI.
- 3.79 Jurisdiction to define.
- 3.80 Examples of SGEIs.
- 3.81 Activities not accepted as SGEIs.
- 3.82 Second condition: entrustment.
- 3.83 Content of entrusting act.
- 3.84 Third condition: necessity.
- 3.85 Fourth condition: proportionality.
- 3.86 Existence of overcompensation.
- 3.87 Control of overcompensation.
- 3.88 Fifth condition: development of trade.
- 3.89 Compliance with EU procurement rules and Directive 2006/111.
- E Authorization of State Aid by the Council
- 4 International Agreements
- A Introduction
- B EEA Agreement
- C Accession to the European Union
- D World Trade Organization
- 1 Background to GATT/WTO Subsidies Framework
- 2 General Framework of the SCM Agreement
- 4.29 Scope.
- 4.30 Definition of subsidy.
- 4.31 Form of financial contribution.
- 4.32 Concepts of government and public body.
- 4.33 Government revenue ‘otherwise due’.
- 4.34 Provision of goods/services, or purchase of goods.
- 4.35 ‘Entrust or direct a private body’.
- 4.36 Income or price support.
- 4.37 Benefit.
- 4.38 Requirement of specificity.
- 4.39 ‘Traffic light’ system.
- 4.40 ‘Red light’ prohibited subsidies.
- 4.41 ‘Yellow light’ actionable subsidies.
- 4.42 ‘Green light’ permitted subsidies.
- 4.43 WTO dispute resolution.
- 4.44 Countervailing duties.
- 4.45 Notification and transparency.
- 3 Agreement on Agriculture
- 4 WTO subsidy law and EU State aid law
- 5 WTO subsidy law and Free Trade Agreements
- Part II Specific Types of Aid
- 5 Horizontal Aid and the General Block Exemption Regulation
- 6 Regional Aid
- A Introduction
- B Demarcation of Regions under 2007–2013 Regional Aid Guidelines
- C General Block Exemption Regulation
- D 2007–2013 Regional Aid Guidelines
- 6.41 Scope.
- 1 Regional investment aid
- 2 Large investment projects
- 6.49 Scope.
- 6.50 Large investment project.
- 6.51 Individual notification.
- 6.52 Aid ceilings.
- 6.53 Commission assessment of individually notified projects.
- 6.54 Detailed assessment.
- 6.55 Positive effects: aid objectives.
- 6.56 Appropriateness of the aid.
- 6.57 Incentive effect and necessity.
- 6.58 Proportionality.
- 6.59 Negative effects: crowding-out.
- 6.60 Negative effects on trade.
- 6.61 Overall balance.
- 6.62 Reporting obligation for existing and non-notifiable aid.
- 3 Operating aid
- 4 Aid for newly created small enterprises
- E 2014–2020 Regional Aid Guidelines
- 7 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
- A Introduction
- B Existence of Aid
- C General Block Exemption Regulation
- 1 General scope
- 2 SME exemptions
- 7.12 Aid for newly created small enterprises.
- 7.13 SME investment and employment aid.
- 7.14 Aid for female entrepreneurship.
- 7.15 Aid for early adaptation to future EU environmental standards.
- 7.16 Aid for consultancy.
- 7.17 Aid for participation in fairs.
- 7.18 R&D&I aids for SMEs.
- 7.19 Favourable terms in other exemptions.
- D Authorization under Article 107(2) and (3)
- 8 Environmental Aid
- A Introduction
- B Existence of Aid
- C General Block Exemption Regulation
- 1 General scope
- 2 Environmental aid exemptions
- 8.17 Aid for environmental protection beyond EU standards.
- 8.18 Aid for transport vehicles.
- 8.19 Aid for early adaptation to future EU standards.
- 8.20 Aid for energy-saving measures.
- 8.21 Aid for high-efficiency cogeneration.
- 8.22 Aid for renewable energy sources.
- 8.23 Aid for environmental studies.
- 8.24 Aid in the form of tax reductions.
- D Environmental Aid Guidelines
- 1 General principles
- 2 Standard assessment
- 8.28 Legal basis for assessment.
- 8.29 Aid for environmental protection beyond EU standards.
- 8.30 Aid for transport vehicles.
- 8.31 Aid for early adaptation to future EU standards.
- 8.32 Aid for environmental studies.
- 8.33 Investment aid for energy-saving measures.
- 8.34 Operating aid for energy-saving measures.
- 8.35 Investment aid for renewable energy sources.
- 8.36 Operating aid for renewable energy production.
- 8.37 Aid for cogeneration.
- 8.38 Aid for energy-efficient district heating.
- 8.39 Aid for waste management.
- 8.40 Aid for the remediation of contaminated sites.
- 8.41 Aid for the relocation of undertakings.
- 8.42 Tradable permit schemes.
- 8.43 Important projects of common European interest.
- 8.44 Incentive effect.
- 3 Reduction of or exemption from environmental taxes
- 4 Detailed assessment
- 8.48 Measures subject to detailed assessment.
- 8.49 Positive effects of aid.
- 8.50 Market failure.
- 8.51 Appropriateness of the aid.
- 8.52 Incentive effect and necessity.
- 8.53 Proportionality.
- 8.54 Negative effects of aid: distortion of competition and trade.
- 8.55 ‘Crowding out’.
- 8.56 Maintaining inefficient firms.
- 8.57 Market power.
- 8.58 Effects on trade and location.
- 8.59 Overall balance.
- 5 Cumulation and reporting
- 9 Risk Capital
- 10 Research, Development and Innovation
- A Introduction
- B Existence of Aid
- 10.07 Non-economic activities: general principle.
- 10.08 Mixed economic and non-economic activities.
- 10.09 Public/private collaboration.
- 10.10 Contract arrangements.
- 10.11 Partnership arrangements.
- 10.12 Innovation intermediaries.
- 10.13 Providers of innovation services.
- 10.14 Innovation centre or cluster.
- 10.15 Users of innovation services.
- 10.16 Innovation funds.
- 10.17 De minimis aids.
- C General Block Exemption Regulation
- 1 General scope
- 2 R&D&I exemptions
- 10.23 Aid for R&D projects.
- 10.24 Aid for technical feasibility studies.
- 10.25 Aid for industrial property rights costs for SMEs.
- 10.26 R&D in the agricultural sector.
- 10.27 Aid for young innovative enterprises.
- 10.28 Aid for innovation advisory services and support services.
- 10.29 Aid for the loan of highly qualified personnel.
- D R&D&I Framework
- 1 General principles
- 2 Standard assessment
- 10.33 Compatibility under Article 107(3)(b).
- 10.34 Compatibility under Article 107(3)(c).
- 10.35 Aid for R&D projects: aid intensities.
- 10.36 Eligible R&D costs.
- 10.37 Form of R&D aid.
- 10.38 Aid for technical feasibility studies.
- 10.39 Aid for industrial property rights costs for SMEs.
- 10.40 Aid for young innovative enterprises.
- 10.41 Aid for process and organizational innovation in services.
- 10.42 Aid for innovation advisory services and support services.
- 10.43 Aid for the loan of highly qualified personnel.
- 10.44 Aid for innovation clusters.
- 10.45 Investment aid for cluster.
- 10.46 Operating aid for cluster animation.
- 10.47 Incentive effect.
- 3 Detailed assessment
- 4 Cumulation and reporting
- 11 Training and Employment Aid
- A Introduction
- B Existence of Aid
- C General Block Exemption Regulation
- D Authorization under Article 107(3)
- 1 Approval under the Commission’s Communications
- 11.25 Training and Employment Communications.
- 11.26 Balancing test.
- 11.27 Positive effects: training aid.
- 11.28 Positive effects: aid for disadvantaged and disabled workers.
- 11.29 Appropriate instrument.
- 11.30 Incentive effect.
- 11.31 Necessity and proportionality.
- 11.32 Negative effects.
- 11.33 Overall balance.
- 2 Examples of aid approved under Article 107(3)(c)
- 1 Approval under the Commission’s Communications
- 12 Rescue and Restructuring Aid
- A Introduction
- B Existence of Aid
- C Rescue and Restructuring Guidelines
- 1 Basic concepts
- 12.06 Scope.
- 12.07 Basis for authorization.
- 12.08 Relevant aid measures.
- 12.09 Distinction between rescue and restructuring aid.
- 12.10 Rescue aid.
- 12.11 Restructuring aid.
- 12.12 Firm in difficulty.
- 12.13 ‘One time, last time’ principle.
- 12.14 Exceptions to ‘one time, last time’ principle.
- 12.15 Previous unlawful aid.
- 12.16 SME aid schemes.
- 2 Rescue aid
- 3 Restructuring aid
- 4 Procedural issues
- 1 Basic concepts
- 13 Agriculture and Fisheries
- A Introduction
- 13.01 Definitions.
- 13.02 Special application of the competition rules.
- 13.03 Objectives of the common agricultural policy.
- 13.04 The two pillars of the common agricultural policy.
- 13.05 Single CMO.
- 13.06 Direct payments for farmers.
- 13.07 Rural development.
- 13.08 Relevant Directorate General.
- 13.09 Overall framework of State aid rules in the agriculture and fisheries sectors.
- B Application of State Aid Rules in the Agriculture Sector
- C Agriculture De Minimis Exemption and Temporary Aid
- D Agriculture Block Exemption Regulation
- 13.20 Relationship with GBER.
- 13.21 Scope.
- 13.22 Categories of aid: introduction.
- 13.23 Agricultural holdings: aid intensities.
- 13.24 Agricultural holdings: other conditions.
- 13.25 Conservation of traditional landscapes and buildings.
- 13.26 Relocation of farm buildings in the public interest.
- 13.27 Aid for setting up young farmers.
- 13.28 Aid for early retirement.
- 13.29 Producer groups.
- 13.30 Aid in respect of animal and plant diseases and pest infestations.
- 13.31 Aid for losses due to adverse climatic events.
- 13.32 Aid towards the payment of insurance premiums.
- 13.33 Aid for land reparcelling.
- 13.34 Aid to encourage the production of quality agricultural products.
- 13.35 Provision of technical support in the agricultural sector.
- 13.36 Support for the livestock sector.
- 13.37 Other aid.
- 13.38 Cumulation.
- 13.39 Reporting and monitoring.
- E Agriculture Guidelines
- 13.40 Scope.
- 13.41 General principles.
- 13.42 Structure.
- 1 Rural development measures
- 13.43 General.
- 13.44 Agricultural holdings.
- 13.45 Processing and marketing of agricultural products.
- 13.46 Processing and marketing of agricultural products: conditions.
- 13.47 Environmental and animal welfare aid.
- 13.48 Compensation for handicaps in certain areas.
- 13.49 Meeting standards.
- 13.50 Other rural development and ancillary measures.
- 2 Risk and crisis management
- 3 Other types of aid
- 4 Forestry sector
- F Fisheries
- 13.60 Definition of fisheries products.
- 13.61 General application of State aid rules.
- 13.62 Legislative framework.
- 13.63 De minimis exemption.
- 13.64 The GBER.
- 13.65 Fisheries Block Exemption Regulation: general.
- 13.66 Conditions.
- 13.67 Categories of aid.
- 13.68 Cumulation.
- 13.69 Reporting and monitoring.
- 13.70 Fisheries Guidelines.
- A Introduction
- 14 Transport and Shipbuilding
- A Introduction
- B Rail Transport
- C Road Transport
- D Inland Waterways
- E Intermodal Transport
- F Air Transport
- G Maritime Transport
- H Shipbuilding
- 15 Media and Communications
- A Introduction
- B Broadcasting
- C Broadband
- 1 Policy and legislation
- 2 Existence of aid
- 3 Authorization under Article 106(2)
- 4 Authorization under Article 107(3)
- 15.39 Overview.
- 15.40 Common interest.
- 15.41 Market failure and ‘white’, ‘grey’ and ‘black’ areas.
- 15.42 ‘White’, ‘grey’ and ‘black’ areas for basic broadband networks.
- 15.43 ‘White’, ‘grey’ and ‘black’ NGA areas.
- 15.44 Appropriateness of the aid.
- 15.45 Incentive effect.
- 15.46 Design and proportionality: basic conditions.
- 15.47 Wholesale access to NGA networks.
- 15.48 Ultra-fast broadband networks.
- 15.49 Overall balance.
- 15.50 Transparency and reporting.
- 15.51 Examples of approved schemes.
- D Postal Services
- E Film and Audiovisual Sector
- 1 Policy
- 2 Existence of aid
- 3 Authorization under Article 107(3)
- 15.74 Role of Article 107(3).
- 15.75 Article 107(3)(d) and cinema production.
- 15.76 2001 Cinema Communication.
- 15.77 Draft Cinema Communication.
- 15.78 General legality principle.
- 15.79 Cultural content.
- 15.80 Territoriality.
- 15.81 Aid intensity.
- 15.82 Aid supplements related to production.
- 15.83 Article 107(3)(d) as standalone provision.
- 15.84 Article 107(3)(c).
- 16 Energy, Coal and Steel
- 17 Financial Sector
- A Introduction
- 1 From pre-crisis to crisis
- 2 The Crisis Framework
- 17.04 Overview of measures.
- 17.05 2008 Banking Communication.
- 17.06 Recapitalization Communication.
- 17.07 Impaired Assets Communication.
- 17.08 Restructuring Communication.
- 17.09 First Prolongation Communication.
- 17.10 Second Prolongation Communication.
- 17.11 2013 Banking Communication.
- 17.12 Typical forms of aid instruments.
- 3 Temporary Frameworks
- B Existence and Quantification of Aid
- C Compatibility of Crisis Aid
- 1 Overview
- 2 Funding guarantees
- 3 Liquidity measures
- 4 Recapitalizations
- 17.42 Form and objectives.
- 17.43 Applicable legislation.
- 17.44 Pre-conditions to the grant of recapitalization aid.
- 17.45 Capital raising measures by the bank.
- 17.46 Burden sharing by executives.
- 17.47 Burden sharing by investors.
- 17.48 Ex ante behavioural restrictions.
- 17.49 Rescue recapitalizations.
- 17.50 Remuneration: general principles.
- 17.51 Benchmark rate for remuneration.
- 17.52 Incentives for State capital redemption.
- 17.53 Need for a restructuring plan.
- 17.54 Recapitalization schemes and ad hoc aid.
- 5 Impaired asset relief
- D Viability and Restructuring Plans
- 1 Overview
- 2 Restoring long-term viability
- 3 Own contribution/burden sharing
- 4 Limiting distortions of competition
- 17.71 Distortions of competition.
- 17.72 ‘Tailor-made’ compensatory measures.
- 17.73 Range of measures.
- 17.74 Divestment of assets or activities.
- 17.75 Balance sheet reductions.
- 17.76 Acquisition bans.
- 17.77 Behavioural commitments.
- 17.78 Market opening measures.
- 17.79 Evolution of Commission policy.
- 17.80 Policy tensions.
- E Procedure and Implementation
- A Introduction
- Part III Enforcement and Remedies
- 18 Supervision by the Commission
- A Overview of Commission Procedure
- 1 Legislative framework
- 2 The different State aid procedures
- 3 Types of aid that must be notified
- 4 Distinction between new and existing aids
- 18.14 New and existing aid.
- 18.15 Categories of existing aid.
- 18.16 Aid existing on accession: first 12 Member States.
- 18.17 Aid existing on accession: next 16 Member States.
- 18.18 Authorized aid schemes and individual aid.
- 18.19 Deemed authorization.
- 18.20 Expiry of limitation period.
- 18.21 Evolution of the internal market.
- 18.22 Alteration of existing aid.
- 18.23 Severability of alterations to aid scheme.
- 5 General notification requirements
- 6 Handling of State aid cases within the Commission
- B Simplified Procedure
- C Normal Preliminary Review Procedure
- 1 Scope and notification
- 2 The Commission’s investigation
- 18.43 Preliminary examination of the measure.
- 18.44 Standstill requirement during procedure.
- 18.45 Rights of Member States.
- 18.46 Rights of third parties (including beneficiaries and complainants).
- 18.47 Requests for information.
- 18.48 Two-month time limit.
- 18.49 ‘Complete’ notification.
- 18.50 Limited scope of the preliminary review procedure.
- 18.51 Proving ‘serious difficulties’.
- 18.52 Length of the procedure.
- 18.53 Completeness of contested decision.
- 18.54 Other factors.
- 3 Decisions following preliminary review
- D Formal Investigation Procedure
- 1 Opening the procedure
- 2 The Commission’s investigation
- 18.66 Diligent examination of facts.
- 18.67 Rights of the Member State concerned.
- 18.68 Rights of interested parties (including beneficiaries and complainants).
- 18.69 Responsibility to provide information.
- 18.70 Requests for information.
- 18.71 Length of investigation.
- 18.72 Excessive haste not in itself a procedural error.
- 3 The final decision
- 18.73 Overview of possible decisions.
- 18.74 ‘No aid’ and positive decisions.
- 18.75 Conditional decision.
- 18.76 Deggendorf condition.
- 18.77 Non-compliance with conditions.
- 18.78 Negative decision.
- 18.79 Time limit for compliance.
- 18.80 Case closure where decision devoid of purpose.
- 18.81 Notification and publication of decisions.
- 4 Revocation and annulment
- E Unlawful and Misused Aid
- 18.86 Overview of procedure.
- 18.87 Unlawful and misused aids: procedural differences.
- 1 The investigation of unlawful or misused aids
- 2 Interim measures
- 3 Decisions in respect of unlawful or misused aid
- 4 Recovery of aid
- 5 Defences (and non-defences) to recovery
- F Existing Aid
- 18.138 Special procedural regime.
- 18.139 Identification of existing aid.
- 18.140 Implementation of existing aid, subject to review.
- 18.141 Preliminary view that existing aid is incompatible.
- 18.142 Proposal for appropriate measures.
- 18.143 Consequences of proposal for appropriate measures.
- 18.144 Transitional period.
- G Monitoring and Compliance
- A Overview of Commission Procedure
- 19 Enforcement in the European Court
- A Introduction
- B Actions against Member States
- 1 Actions by the Commission
- 19.02 Overview.
- 19.03 Article 108(2) TFEU.
- 19.04 Relevant date for assessing failures to fulfil obligations.
- 19.05 Defences available to Member States.
- 19.06 TWD principle.
- 19.07 Failure to notify Commission of action taken to comply.
- 19.08 Remedies available.
- 19.09 Article 258 TFEU.
- 19.10 Article 260 TFEU and financial penalties.
- 2 Actions by Member States against other Member States
- 1 Actions by the Commission
- C Actions for Annulment of Decisions
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Challengeable acts
- 3 Standing
- (a) Privileged applicants
- (b) Non-privileged applicants: general principles
- 19.27 Overview of criteria.
- 19.28 Multiple applicants.
- 19.29 Interest in annulment.
- 19.30 Continuing interest.
- 19.31 Direct concern.
- 19.32 Individual concern.
- 19.33 Challenge to decision not to raise objections.
- 19.34 Merits challenge.
- 19.35 Mixed procedural and merits challenge.
- 19.36 Availability of other remedy irrelevant.
- 19.37 Relevant stage of proceedings.
- (c) Grantors and beneficiaries of State aid
- (d) Competitors and complainants
- (e) Representative bodies
- 4 Timing of actions for annulment
- 5 Grounds of review
- (a) Overview
- (b) Error of law
- (c) Infringement of procedural rights
- (d) Manifest error of assessment
- (e) Reasoning
- 19.74 Article 296 TFEU.
- 19.75 Nature of obligation.
- 19.76 Content of statement of reasons.
- 19.77 Level of detail required.
- 19.78 Change in Commission’s approach.
- 19.79 Whether measure constitutes State aid.
- 19.80 Contradictions in reasoning of decision.
- 19.81 Contradictions between reasoning and operative part.
- 19.82 Examples of annulment.
- (f) Misuse of powers
- 6 Consequences of annulment
- D Action for Failure to Act
- E Action for Damages
- F Appeals to the ECJ
- G Overarching Procedural Matters
- 20 Enforcement in the National Courts
- A Introduction
- B Interpretation and Effect of Article 108(3)
- C Domestic Remedies and Enforcement Action
- 1 Challenging the validity of national measures
- 2 Recovery of aid
- 20.13 Recovery as the normal consequence of breach of Article 108(3).
- 20.14 Recovery prior to Commission decision.
- 20.15 Recovery following negative decision.
- 20.16 Recovery following approval decision.
- 20.17 Approval subsequently annulled by the Court.
- 20.18 CELF I.
- 20.19 CELF II.
- 20.20 Defences to recovery.
- 20.21 Recovery and aid schemes.
- 20.22 Method of recovery.
- 20.23 Recovery procedure in the UK.
- 20.24 Procedural errors in national recovery orders.
- 3 Reimbursement of charges
- 4 Damages claims
- 5 Other domestic actions
- 6 National court procedure
- D Interaction with European Court and Commission
- 18 Supervision by the Commission
- Part I General Rules
- Further Material
